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Diesel is one of the petrochemicals that has differences with other vehicle fuels such as gasoline. Among the differences between diesel and gasoline, we can mention the way they are refined, which is easier to refine and produces more energy per liter than gasoline.

Diesel is also known as gas oil and diesel fuel and is used as fuel for diesel vehicles and heating installations. Diesel is one of the crude oil products that is obtained after kerosene in the distillation tower and has many applications. It is also composed of three groups: paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic.

Gasoline can be produced in atmospheric distillation tower and vacuum distillation tower. Diesel is a colorless liquid that has a higher density than other common fuels. It also has relatively high viscosity, which causes adhesion.

Features of diesel

Chemical composition:

Diesel is a mixture of chain hydrocarbons from c10 to c20.

Physical characteristics:

It is usually colorless to pale yellow and its density is around 0.82 to 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter and its flash point is higher than Benrin.

Combustion characteristics:

It has the ability to produce high energy and has a high cetane number, which indicates the high quality of combustion in a diesel engine.

Density

It has a relatively higher weight than other existing fuels, and its value is between approximately 0.8 and 0.87 kg/liter.

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Bitumen is one of the petrochemical materials that has a black color and its main use is to produce asphalt. Bitumen is a dense hydrocarbon derived from oil and is divided into two categories: natural bitumen and loose and mixed bitumen.

Bitumen is obtained from the distillation of crude oil, which is called petroleum bitumen or distillate bitumen. Bitumen is produced after two stages of crude oil distillation in the distillation tower, in which gasoline and propane are separated from crude oil in the first stage, and bitumen is extracted in the second stage.

Bitumen is a black, paste-like substance that is used in applications such as insulation, moisture, and asphalt construction due to its waterproofing and high adhesion. There are different types of bitumen, including natural bitumen, petroleum bitumen, and tar bitumen, and they have two important properties: adhesion and impermeability to water.

Characteristics of bitumen

Adhesion:

to connect building materials and aggregates.

Water resistance:

It is used as a waterproofing in buildings and dams.

Flexibility:

Tolerating temperature changes without breaking.

Viscosity and fluidity of water:

Indicates the resistance of bitumen to flow, which has high viscosity and is used for bonding asphalt, etc.

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Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is a petrochemical that is solid, white, and soluble in water, with a melting point of 318 degrees Celsius. Among the characteristics of sodium hydroxide are its odorlessness, high corrosiveness, and its use as a raw material for industrial products.

Caustic soda is a chemical compound of sodium cation and hydroxide anion, which is alkaline and is considered a type of base and is used to neutralize acids. Today, caustic soda can be produced in the form of powder, pellets, flakes, solution, etc.

Sodium hydroxide is a white solid and is very caustic, causing severe burns if it comes in contact with the skin. Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) can be used to unclog drains and make soap. It is also used to clean the drain pipe, remove accumulated fats and produce detergents.

Properties of sodium hydroxide

Chemical formula: NaOH

Appearance: white solid

Solubility: very soluble in water

Alkalinity: very strong

Exothermicity: It produces a lot of heat when dissolved in water.

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Urea looks very similar to crystals and is colorless, its melting point is 132.7, and it is considered as one of the petrochemical raw materials. If urea boils earlier than the above temperature, it will decompose.

Urea is produced industrially based on the Bosch Meiser process from ammonia and carbon dioxide in integrated sites. Since the synthesis of ammonia used in the production of urea does not require the production of hydrogen with the term methane, it can be used.

Industrial urea is a non-flammable and environmentally friendly substance with the chemical formula CH4N2O. It can be used in various fields including agriculture, feed additives, plastics and pharmaceuticals. Industrial urea is also known as carbamide and has various applications.

Applications of urea:

Chemical fertilizers

Urea is one of the most important nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture.

pharmaceuticals

It is used as a moisturizing agent in skin creams and lotions.

industrial

It is used in the production of plastic, glue and urea-formaldehyde resin.

laboratory

It is used as a nitrogen source in biological research.

Automobile

Water-soluble urea is used to remove NOx from the exhaust of diesel vehicles.

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Sulfur is a petrochemical raw material that is used in various industries including steel production. Other uses of sulfur include gunpowder production, rubber welding, sulfuric acid production, and fungicides.

Sulfur is a non-metallic element that is in crystalline form and exists in the framework of stable isotopes. It is used as a chemical agent or fungicide and in rubber vulcanization. Sulfur is deposited in volcanic vents.

Sulfur is also found in sedimentary rocks, especially gypsum and limestone, along with salt domes. Native sulfur is the main source of sulfur for the sulfuric acid industry, followed by sour gas (natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide) and pyrite.

There are different types of sulfur that are widely used in agriculture and are divided into mineral, chemical, liquid, powder, and bentonite sulfur. When choosing the type, you should pay attention to solubility, soil type, and product type. Also, if necessary, you can remove sulfur from surfaces with solvents such as isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or a solution of water and dishwashing liquid.

Properties of sulfur

yellow color

Odorless and tasteless in a special way

Crystalline solid at room temperature

Insoluble in water but soluble in some organic solvents such as carbon disulfide

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Liquefied gas (LPG) is in the category of petrochemical raw materials, which is mostly used for heating purposes. It is also a colorless and volatile gas that is obtained through pressure, cooling and liquefaction of the purification gas and does not contain olefin.

LPG has been used as a portable fuel source since 1860, and later for domestic and industrial use. This gas is odorless and colorless to which a deodorizer is added as a precautionary measure.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) refers to the two hydrocarbon gases butane and propane, or their combination, which are stored in a liquid state. Propylene and butylene compounds are other compounds that may be added to liquefied gas in small quantities. This gas also liquefies at a temperature of 21 degrees Celsius under a maximum pressure of 8 kg/cm2 and is colorless, odorless, and tasteless when produced.

Among the applications of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are vehicle fuel and heating. One of the advantages of liquefied petroleum gas is its easy transportation, which can be used in cases where fuel is needed and is easily available.

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Polystyrene is one of the primary polymer materials that is clear, rigid, fragile and strong in its unmodified state. Polystyrene is produced in various forms such as foam, rigid plastic and film, which are used for food packaging, electronic protection, etc.

Polystyrene is also known as phenylene and is a thermoplastic polymer that softens and melts when heated and can be reused. Polystyrene is a widely used electrical insulator that is resistant to chemicals such as acids and bases.

Polystyrene contains styrene monomer. In addition, it may contain additives such as initiators, catalysts, stabilizers, lubricants, pigments, and fillers that increase the physical properties of the final product. The difference between polystyrene compound and masterbatch is that the compound is used to make the final product, but the masterbatch gives specific properties to the initial polymers. Also, distinguishing a quality compound from a poor quality compound has an impact on the final product, which should be considered in terms of hardness and flexibility, melting temperature, etc.

Applications of polystyrene

It is used to protect consumables and prevent them from spoiling. The production of disposable dishes, electrical appliances, clock bodies, televisions, radios, sports equipment, toys, cold insulation in the bodies of refrigerators, freezers and household appliances are among the uses of polystyrene.

Features of polystyrene

Light and low density:

This feature has caused it to be used in packaging and insulation applications.

Transparency:

In its pure form, polystyrene is transparent and can be used for applications that require visibility.

Low thermal resistance:

At high temperatures, it becomes brittle and deforms easily.

Cheap and economical:

Its production is cheap and it is the reason for its wide use in industries.

Recyclability:

Polystyrene can be recycled, although its recycling requires special conditions.

Below are the explanations of the types of polystyrene:

General polystyrene GPPS

One of the most widely used polystyrene models is crystalline polystyrene, which is also known as crystal polystyrene and is used for general purposes. It is used to make disposable containers, electrical parts, sports equipment and toys. Also, the use of crystalline polystyrene has advantages such as high strength, transparency, dimensional stability, high electrical properties, resistance to gamma rays and low price.

"GPPS1540"

HIPS resistant polystyrene

It is an economical and versatile polymer that is resistant to impact and has good dimensional stability. Resistant polystyrene can be colored and is easily molded. The advantages of this type of polystyrene include high flexibility, easy machining, impact resistance, and low price.

HIPS resistant polystyrene is actually a thermoplastic that is obtained from the polymerization of styrene monomers and is a hard and rigid plastic. Resistant polystyrene is used for packaging and making consumer goods.

"HIPS7240"

EPS expanded polystyrene:

Expanded polystyrene is produced from white foams, which is used in the packaging industry, building insulation and other cases. Also, EPS expanded polystyrene granules consist of two parts. A part of styrene that forms the structure of the cell and a part of pentane gas that is a foaming agent. Expanded polystyrene is light weight and has low heat transfer.

Hence it is used for insulation. Expandable polystyrene can be used to prevent energy loss. Also, this polymer has high impact resistance.

"HS121"

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Маточная смесь на самом деле представляет собой твердый продукт, обычно изготовленный из резины, пластика или эластомера. Мастербатч представляет собой концентрированную смесь пигментов, добавляемую в полимерное сырье.

Мастербатч — это тип добавки, которая используется для окрашивания полимерного сырья или придания ему других свойств. Его отличие от компаунда в том, что компаунд используется для производства конечного продукта, и по этой причине способы отличить качественные компаунды от некачественных очень важны. Для производства мастербатча сначала идентифицируют и взвешивают пигменты или добавки, а затем смешивают их с несущей смолой или полимерным сырьем.

Например, маточные смеси могут содержать следующие добавки:

УФ-стабилизатор

Антиоксиданты

Смазки и формовочные агенты

Пенообразователи

Антистатики

Нуклеогенные агенты

Антиблокирующие агенты и т. д.

Мастербатч представляет собой концентрированную добавку к гранулам для модификации термопластов. Добавка состоит из одного или нескольких материалов и специальной полимерной смолы-носителя. Сегодня маточные смеси широко используются в промышленности пластмасс и являются одним из важнейших материалов 21 века.

Применение мастербатчей

Помимо бумаги, в упаковке Masterbatch также используются стекло и металл. Различные типы суперконцентратов могут использоваться в автомобильной промышленности, электротехнической и электронной промышленности, строительной отрасли, производстве потребительских товаров, бытовой техники и предметов домашнего обихода.

Преимущества мастербатча:

Простота использования

Однородность цвета и свойств продукта.

Снижение себестоимости продукции за счет оптимального использования добавок

Мастербатч добавляется в композицию в процентном отношении к общей массе сырья и может использоваться в таких процессах, как литье пластмасс под давлением, экструзия и формование.

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Polypropylene (PP) is a type of proolefin that is a little harder than polyethylene. Polypropylene is a commodity plastic with low density and resistant to high heat. PP has a high melting point, durability and high load bearing capacity.

Its compound can be used instead of polypropylene (PP). The difference between compound and masterbatch is in their application, in such a way that compound is used to produce the final product, but masterbatch gives special properties to polymer raw materials.

Application of polypropylene (PP)

Among the uses of polypropylene, we can mention the use in packaging, automobiles, consumer goods, medicine, and cast films, and its chemical formula is (C3H6)n. It is also used in blow molding, injection molding, textile and pipe production.

Polypropylene (PP) is divided into two categories: polypropylene homopolymer and copolymer. In the following, they have been examined:

Polypropylene homopolymer

They are thermoplastic resins that are produced through the polymerization of propylene with Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Homopolymers can be used in various processing technologies such as injection molding, blow molding, film, fiber, sheet extrusion and thermal forming.

In addition to the above applications, PPH homopolymer polypropylene has features such as higher strength-to-weight ratio, longer durability, and greater material stiffness compared to polypropylene copolymer, and for applications that require good resistance to impact, corrosion, and chemicals. It needs good weldability and processability.

"Z  30 s"

Polypropylene copolymer

Copolymers have a second monomer of ethylene, which increases the impact strength compared to polypropylene homopolymer. The key properties of polypropylene copolymer are high impact strength, good chemical resistance, better resistance to cracking at low temperatures and increased flexibility.

Polypropylene copolymer can be used in cases such as making car parts, containers, packaging and family products. It is also widely used in injection molding for various parts and medical devices.

"Moplen EPD60R"

Polypropylene (PP) is a lightweight, hard, rigid, and crystalline thermoplastic that comes in a variety of forms. Among the advantages of polypropylene are its melting point, density, chemical resistance, and flammability. Polypropylene is also available in compound form, which is important in determining the quality of a compound from the poor quality in the final product.

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Акрилонитрилбутадиенстирол (АБС) представляет собой терполимер, полученный в результате полимеризации стирола и акрилонитрила в присутствии полибутадиена. Его соотношение может составлять от 15% до 35% акрилонитрила, от 5% до 30% бутадиена и от 40% до 60% стирола.

ABS является одним из наиболее широко используемых пластиковых материалов благодаря своей доступной цене и сбалансированным механическим и химическим свойствам. Другие преимущества ABS включают размерную прочность, высокую термостойкость и ударопрочность.

В качестве соединения также можно использовать акрилонитрилбутадиенстирол (АБС). Разница между компаундом и маточной смесью заключается в их применении, так что конечный продукт можно производить из компаунда, но маточная смесь придает полимерам определенные свойства.

Акрилонитрилбутадиенстирол (АБС) на самом деле является результатом длинной цепи полибутадиена, которая сшита с более короткими цепями поли(стирол-акрилонитрила). АБС имеет химическую формулу (C8H8)x·(C4H6)y·(C3H3N)z и является типом термопластичного полимера. АБС также производится в виде соединения, и качество и низкое качество соединения оказывают большое влияние на конечный продукт.

Технический паспорт акрилонитрилбутадиенстирол (АБС) выглядит следующим образом:

"SD0150"

Применение акрилонитрил-бутадиен-стирола (АБС)

Благодаря своим особенностям, таким как высокая ударопрочность, тепловые характеристики и т. д., этот материал является одним из наиболее часто используемых материалов в производстве пластика, который используется в производстве бытовой техники, такой как холодильники, пылесосы, электронные устройства, такие как в качестве клавиатур, принтеров, мышей и т. д. Используются ноутбуки и компьютеры.

Среди применений АБС в автомобилях и на транспорте можно упомянуть приборные панели, обивку рулевой колонки, компоненты приборной панели, дверные накладки и ручки, спинки сидений, детали ремней безопасности и т. д., которые относятся к числу материалов с высоким уровнем использования.

Акрилонитрил-бутадиен-стирол обладает благоприятными механическими свойствами, такими как ударопрочность, ударная вязкость и прочность. Изменяя соотношение компонентов шестерни ABS, можно производить ее разных марок. В целом акрилонитрилбутадиенстирол обладает полезными свойствами в диапазоне температур от 20 до 80 градусов Цельсия.

Способы производства акрилонитрилбутадиенстирола (АБС)

Акрилонитрилбутадиенстирол получают двумя способами:

В первом методе сополимеры стирола и акрилонитрила смешивают с акрилонитрил-бутадиеновым каучуком. Обычно каучуковая фаза раздроблена и равномерно диспергирована на мелкие частицы, как прерывистая фаза в непрерывной фазе.

Второй метод, который сегодня используется в большинстве операций, обеспечивает большую универсальность и возможность индивидуального проектирования конкретных профилей активов. Акрилонитрил прививают на основную цепь бутадиена или бутадиен-стирольного сополимера.

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